Monday, November 29, 2010

OS: Case Study 1

Give an example OS (Specific) for each of the following categories of OS:
State its description and other specifications.

• Batch Systems

Example:
• The University of Michigan Executive System, or UMES, a batch operating system developed at the University of Michigan in 1958, was widely used at many universities. Based on the General Motors Executive System for the IBM 701, UMES was revised to work on the mainframe computers in use at the University of Michigan during this time (IBM 704, 709, and 7090) and to work better for the small student jobs that were expected to be the primary work load at the University.
UMES was in use at the University of Michigan until 1967, when MTS was phased in to take advantage of the newer virtual memory time-sharing technology that became available on the IBM System/360 Model 67.

• IBSYS was the tape based operating system that IBM supplied with its IBM 7090 and IBM 7094 computers. A similar operating system (but with several significant differences), also called IBSYS, was provided with IBM 7040 and IBM 7044 computers. IBSYS was based on FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS) and SHARE Operating System.
IBSYS itself was really a basic monitor program, that read control card images placed between the decks of program and data cards of individual jobs. An IBSYS control card began with a "$" in column 1, immediately followed by a Control Name that selected the various IBSYS utility programs needed to set up and run the job. These card deck images were read from magnetic tapes, prepared offline, not usually directly from the punched card reader.

Advantages of batch systems

• move much of the work of the operator to the computer
• increased performance since it was possible for job to start as soon as the previous job finished
Disadvantages of batch systems
• turn-around time can be large from user standpoint
• more difficult to debug program
• due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs (read too many cards, etc)
• a job could corrupt the monitor, thus affecting pending jobs
• a job could enter an infinite loop


• Interactive Systems

Example:
Computer-aided technologies (CAx) is a broad term describing the use of computer technology to aid in the design, analysis, and manufacture of products.
Advanced CAx tools merge many different aspects of the product lifecycle management (PLM), including design, analysis using finite element analysis (FEA), manufacturing, production planning, product testing using virtual lab models and visualization, product documentation, product support, etc. CAx encompasses a broad range of tools, both those commercially available and those which are proprietary to the engineering firm.
The term CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) is also often used in the context of a software tool covering a number of engineering functions.
Issues to be taken into account for interactive systems:
• User classes. Interactive systems often have varied classes of users with varying (potentially conflicting) requirements and expectations.
• Other systems. Interactive systems may interface with other systems in their environment.
• User interface. The ability to model and represent user interface requirements

Requirement issues for interactive systems:
• Indirect system concerns. These are issues related to system design and implementation, the influence of the system on the organisation and the system’s influence on the environment.
• Quality of service. The closeness of the system to the end-user lends special significance to quality of the service delivered. Quality concerns include:
• Availability
• Performance
• Usability
• Form of delivery



• Real-time systems

Example:
Xenomai is a real-time development framework cooperating with the Linux kernel, to provide a pervasive, interface-agnostic, hard real-time support to user space applications, seamlessly integrated into the Linux environment.
Xenomai is based on an abstract RTOS core, usable for building any kind of real-time interface, over a nucleus which exports a set of generic RTOS services. Any number of RTOS personalities called “skins” can then be built over the nucleus, providing their own specific interface to the applications, by using the services of a single generic core to implement it

An OS that can absolutely guarantee a maximum time for the operations it performs is referred to as hard real-time. In contrast, an OS that can usually perform operations in a certain time is referred to as soft real-time.
Jitter: The amount of error in the timing of a task over subsequent iterations of a program or loop is referred to as jitter. Real-time operating systems are optimized to provide a low amount of jitter when programmed correctly; a task will take very close to the same amount of time to execute each time it is run.
Figure: Jitter is a measure of how much the execution time of a task differs over subsequent iterations. Real-time operating systems are optimized to minimize jitter.
A Real-Time system is defined as a system whose correctness depends on the timeliness of its response. Examples of such systems are flight control systems of an aircraft, sensor systems in nuclear reactors and power plants. For these systems, delay in response is a fatal error. A more relaxed version of Real-Time Systems, is the one where timely response with small delays is acceptable. Example of such a system would be the Scheduling Display System on the railway platforms. In technical terminology, Real-Time Systems can be classified as:
• Hard Real-Time Systems - systems with severe constraints on the timeliness of the response.
• Soft Real-Time Systems - systems which tolerate small variations in response times.
• Hybrid Real-Time Systems - systems which exhibit both hard and soft constraints on its performance.


• Hybrid Systems

A computer system that performs two or more functions, such as data processing and word processing. A hybrid system is a dynamic system that exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior. Hybrid systems arise when the continuous and the discrete meet. Combine continuous and discrete inputs, outputs, states, or dynamics, and you have a hybrid system. Particularly, hybrid systems arise from the use of finite-state logic to govern continuous physical processes (as in embedded control systems) or from topological and network constraints interacting with continuous control (as in networked control systems).
Example: Hybrid systems have been used to model several systems, including physical systemswithimpact, logic-dynamiccontrollers, and even Internetcongestion. And one of the example of hybrid system is the bouncing ball.


• Embedded Systems

• A computer system that cannot be programmed by the user because it is preprogrammed for a specific task and embedded within the equipment which it serves.
Example:
NetBSD is a freely available open source version of the Unix-derivative Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) computer operating system. It was the second open source BSD descendant to be formally released, after 386BSD,and continues to be actively developed. The NetBSD project is primarily focused on high quality design, stability and performance of the system.
NetBSD also provides system call-level binary compatibility on the appropriate processor architectures with several UNIX-derived and UNIX-like operating systems, including Linux, other BSD variants like FreeBSD, Apple's Darwin, Solaris and SunOS 4. This allows NetBSD users to run many applications that are only distributed in binary form for other operating systems, usually with no significant loss of performance.

In general, an Embedded System:
• Is a system built to perform its duty, completely or partially independent of human intervention.
• Is specially designed to perform a few tasks in the most efficient way.
• Interacts with physical elements in our environment, viz. controlling and driving a motor, sensing temperature, etc.

Techno2: Assignment 2

Try to walk around somewhere and discover technopreneur idea ...your experience(s) .. at least 2000 words



There's a lot of business when I walked around. I can't think what's the best technopreneur idea because we have to consider the needs of the people.The business idea needs to inspire your confidence and passion. This helps you develop the inner strength needed to persist through uncertainty and adversity.Nowdays in our new era of technology, information technology is the most important things which includes all the technologies for the communication of technology. Discovering technopreneur idea is just like discovering what you want or like in the future. Careful planning is fundamental to success.

The Small Business Planner includes information and resources that will help you at any stage of the business lifecycle. You have to plan your business and get ready for it. In starting a business you have to find a mentor, finance start up, name of the business, location and equipments. The name of the business should be unique so that people will like it and will remember it. I named our business as KaLoKa On The Go. KaLoKa was derived in our first and second letter of our names. And I found it interesting. Interesting because when they heard it, all of them were very confused. So I explained to them what's the meaning of our business. So, choosing the name of your business is kind a fun and memorable one hehe. :) You need to build a unique selling position that motivates your target market to buy from you, instead of your competitors. Then find a mentor. We have to be open minded if starting a business. What product and who will buy the products. Get a mentor. Find people you can bounce ideas off of and get their input. A retired executive from a competitor might make a marvelous choice, or an individual from the local chamber of commerce, or a family friend. You can’t do it alone. There are plenty of people who want to help and all it takes is for you to ask them. Hire employees who are better, faster, and smarter than you.Being right is not important, but doing the right thing always is. Do not let your loyalty to customers, suppliers, or employees bankrupt the business. There may be times when you have to terminate a relationship. And we have to consider also the location of the business. The location is also important. In our business, the seller and the customer will just arrange when will be the meeting place so taht he can get the product/s that he ordered. The first time that I experienced this was in Mcdo Bajada, at first I felt uncomfortable because I will meet a person who's not familiar with me or shall I say a stranger one. But as time passes by, it's okay to meet customers even they are starngers. Exploring is good. And another experience for me. During my childhood days, I sell candies and other things. I don't know why. I just enjoyed it. Business is my passion. That's true.

In managing your business you have to consider the following: lead, make decisions, manage employees, market and price, market and sell, finance growth and the use of technology.You need to evaluate whether the business opportunity can generate enough income to support your needs. There is no value in investing your time and energy into a venture that is not going to deliver enough monetary rewards to fulfil your financial obligations. Market and price and sell is imposrtant. We have to be conscious of the price, also in sell. The use of the technology is important nowadays. Lots of things that we can use. Creating a personal and purposeful definition for entrepreneurship falls somewhere in between writing a personal mission statement and writing your own ideal job description. Your definition should be general enough not to constrain your entrepreneurial endeavors, yet it should identify, perhaps abstractly, your purpose for being an entrepreneur and what you are attempting to achieve. Your definition will prove purposeful if you write it both based on what you currently do as an entrepreneur and also how you envision your role in the future. Pioneering your own business can be an extremely difficult way to generate an income. Entrepreneurs need to have a high tolerance for uncertainty. Discovering a profitable business opportunity is more complex than simply just stumbling upon a good idea. Your success will depend on your ability to transform the idea into an income by delivering marketable products or services. You will need to overcome challenges and adversity. You need to be prepared to deal with the unexpected. To be successful, you need to have the drive to succeed and the perseverance to overcome failure. Business owners constantly face the stress of making important decisions that affect their own business and very often the businesses of their customers. And in business, you have to think the finance growth. Think of the profit. And liquidate the assets.


My technopreneur idea is an all around computer or laptop. I don't know if this kind of product is in the market. My idea is like this, a computer or laptop with a xerox machine, scanner, fax machine and printer. A quadruple machine. In this kind of idea, no one will buy those machines individually because we have this kind of product. It can help also to those people especially who are engaged in this kind of business. It can lessen money in buying this computer. I think this kind of business can help the community. No one will go to the market just to buy printer or fax machine because it is already in one machine. Especially in offices, schools or in home. If you have computers in your house and you want to print something and ypu don'r have printer in your house. This all around computer can help us. It is easy to used and affordable one, compare it when you buy printer or fax machine or xerox machine. And easy to all customers because some stores like this cannot produce all this kind of machines and it's hard for the customer to find another store.



Maybe I have a lots of experiences when it comes to business. I am a small time entrepreneur. I really love business. It makes me happy. To own a small business is an honor for me. I established a small business and I would like to see that my business grow and expand. I accompanied my best of friends in this business. And it was a successful business because we gain profits. Really, we enjoyed this business. And we are planning to have a boutique maybe next year. With the help of God. Most people fail in business because they make avoidable mistakes. Before I started this business, I was afraid. I was bothered what will be the outcome of this business. I think deeply what will be the advantages and disadvantages. The first thing that I looked for was the product. What kind of product so that peole will like it, and the target of this product. We have to consider that nowadays, people needs cheaper one. So we bought clothes that were cheaper one. Most of our clothes were 2nd hands or we called it ukay-ukay. This kind of business is best especially to those people out there who loves clothes. And I really appreciate my effort in establishing this kind of business. Even I am busy I can handle this kind of activity. A big opportunity for me when I discover myself that this is not a past time for me. There a lot of things that I enjoyed and learned when it comes to business. You have to consider also the needs of the people. In amnaging a business you have to be all around. And to think positive. To have a business is a challenge. You have to take risks. The business must always come first. You need to perform a thorough analysis of the business environment to expose potential threats and opportunities for your business. You need to evaluate economic, legal, cultural, political and technological factors that can impact your business. Companies may not have control over the external environment but they can construct contingency plans to deal with the impact the environment on the business.
Do right by the business and it will do right by you. Write up a personal mission statement for your business and your life.t does not matter whether you are a young start-up business or a mature enterprise, discovering the right business opportunities is a vital aspect to your business success. Start-up businesses require an initial business idea which serves as the foundation of their market offering. Mature businesses are faced with the challenge of sourcing new opportunities to stay competitive in a cut-throat business environment. To succeed your business needs to be constantly evolving. Read it every day. Become goal-oriented. List all of the things you want to accomplish in business and in your personal life. Being your own boss gives you independence and the potential to earn an uncapped income. It provides you with greater flexibility for exercising your passions and talents. The business opportunity must fit in with your skills, experience and personality type. There is little hope of success if you do not have the appropriate expertise.

Leadership is one of the key factors to a successful business. now how to lead teams and provide results by having creative insight. Remove the barriers to effective communication by having a leadership style that really matters. Being a good leader can be one one of the factors to be a succesful technopreneur.

Monday, November 22, 2010

Techno2: Assignment 1

Your reflection/learning's on Technopreneurship 1 (at least 2000 words) 


When I heard Tecgnopreneurship,lot of things that comes in my mind. The two things that really comes in my mind were business and money. From the word itself, techno means technology and entrepreneurship means business. It means a business that using technology as their business model. An entrepreneur is the one who is willing to own and operate and take the risk of operating any business. Technopreneurs are entrepreneurs who are into the core businesses involving technology-based industries. They make use of technology to come out with new or innovative products through a process of commercialisation. The businesses are generally marked with high growth potential and high leverage of knowledge and intellectual property. Technopreneurs must be equipped with both technical and business skills. I was so excited in this course because I really love business. I love business. I love money. I love to work. And that's the one thing that I really want to know why. All I know is I love those things and I need it. And I know this course can help in the future. As far as I remembered, our instructor told us that if some of you will not be an IT professional, there's an option. The option is to become a Technopreneur someday. When our professor told that, I was happy. I don't know why I felt that.

There were many activities that we discussed in this course. One of them was the story of Steve Jobs. We learned lot of things about his life, how he really cares about business and how he handle his life. I am inspired of what he is, especially I am an Information Technology Students. I have the opportunity to do the same like Steve Job. I can be like him. But I don't want to follow his bad attitude. I don't like the way he treated his employee's as I watched the movie, Job is very strict with his employee's. Jobs regularly misses appointments. He acts without thinking and with bad judgement. He does not give credit where due. Jobs often reacts ad hominem. He makes absurd and wasteful decisions by trying to be paternal. He interrupts and doesn’t listen. He does not keep promises or meet commitments. He makes decisions. For Jobs, innovation has little to do with the amount of investment and capital you have available to finance new research and development. He works hard to get people to “buy in” to his vision. He does this by arguing and debating everything the company does, from new product designs to new looks for its software. They go backwards and forwards until everyone is convinced the idea (or design, or interface) is a good one. After they “buy in,” to the idea, they’ll defend it to death. Jobs once used to throw substandard work in people's faces and call it "shit" until it was done right. In short, Jobs's ceaseless pursuit of perfection has become its own process that is used throughout the company and will continue to be, no matter who is in charge.
Jobs is a powerhouse right now because he studied Gates' ability to embrace and extend and has successfully coupled that with his trademark sense of style that Gates himself admits to wishing he had.


We took some tests in this course. All those tests really help us in starting or putting-up a business. In my experienced, when I took the tests you should concentrate yourself. In order to answer all the questions truly. And in a solemn place. The tests are the following: Personal traits, Emotional Quotient, Intelligence Quotient, and Adversity Test. The personal traits test can determine who you really are. It's like knowing yourself. If you really understand all those questions, you also determine yourself. The result of my personal trait test is very important because it reflects my own self. I was curious about the questions. My percentage is 66. Wow, I got a high score, but not as high. High scorers tend to be nervous, high-strung, insecure, worrying--- this result is some kinda real. I have to admit it. But I hate it. 
Neuroticism is a fundamental personality trait in the study of psychology. It is an enduring tendency to experience negative emotional states. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than the average to experience such feelings as anxiety, anger, guilt, and depressed mood. Yeah, it;s true. I can feel this. Even this time. To be in this kind of situation is very hard. I can't really express here why I feel this way now. The second test was the Emotional Quotient, in this test it deals with your emotion. And can show who you are when it comes to feelings. Some of us are sensitive. As I answered all the questions, I really appreciated all my answers. I that test, I can say that I am a moody person. The next test that I took was The Intelligence Quotient, this test is testing your capability of what you have learned or knowledge. This test is very challenging. Logic questions. The last was Adversity test. This test is giving you a situation of how you handle things in an unexpected things. Of how you deal things in your surroundings. All this tests really help us in knowing our own self. This test really help us. To be able to know our self. I think the more experiences we have, the more we know our self. There's a variety of experiences that we will encounter or will happen to us. We also have the activity in our class to determine what we Love, what we Like and what we Hate the most. The purpose of this activity is to show what are the things that can help us in starting a business or proposing a business. Once a person decides what kind of business they want to be in then it is time for them to start there job of getting everything in order such as the advertising,what products they are going to promote and what kind of place they need to have to do this and get all there work force in place with everyone knowing what there job is and how they are suppose to carry it out and then and then only they will start to profit and make money.


In dealing with business there are some factors that you have to consider. The most important is money. No money, no business. I think that's the rule. And there are some tips to consider Be a life-long learner.I truly believe that we become better people as we learn. Take time throughout your life to grow and learn and become a better person. Take time off. Life isn't just about work. There is so much else to experience here in this life, and unfortunately, too little time to enjoy it. Have the commitments. We live this life based on commitments we make toward one another. his is a key to a successful life. hose who honor those commitments are those who will be respected and trusted by others. Be an open-minded person. If you have that characteristic then it's good. Vision: An open mind and the ability to put new twists on old techniques was one of the key distinguishing factors. For me, you have to think first if you really want to have a business, also what will be your business and to have a good understanding about business matters. But the one important factor is the money. Business involves money. Yea right! You should know how to handle money. And starting a business is an exciting but demanding task. In our lessons. We also discussed some tips in starting a business: you need to assess your understanding of the business as well as your readiness and ability to manage the proposed venture. 
It is important to possess the following: 
a. Some previous work experience or skills appropriate to your business.
b. Knowledge of your products/service and the market for it.
c. Understanding of the relationship between product knowledge of technological goods and the disciplines of marketing, production, finance and administration.Courage: After being diagnosed with cancer and facing the threat of death, must kept his eyes and ears open and had the courage to seize new opportunities as they came along. Whether risky or outright foolish, Jobs was from then on out determined to follow his intuition in guiding his business decisions. 



Before the last semester ends, we have to think our business plans. Our group have a lots of business plans. The first proposal was the on-line customization of shirts. But suddenly our proposal failed. Our professor told us that our business proposal was so easy. Yea we know that sir hehe. It is so hard to think a proposal that can apply to everyone and can help in daily life. Many many proposals that we proposed but it was always failed. And we think and think again. (Higher-Order-Thinking-Skills) Atlast, at the last day of proposing a business plan, our proposal was very successful. Approved! In this kind of situation is an example of being an entrepreneur. You have to be focus on everything and to think deeply. At first you want to give-up but if you really want it then fight for it. The secret of success is doing things that you like. And doing things that you really love. You have to follow your dreams. Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. In the long run, we only hit what we aim at. And most of all never never give up. You must be very sure of what you want and what you like.

The secret of success is doing things that you like. And doing things that you really love. You have to follow your dreams. Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. In the long run, we only hit what we aim at. And most of all never never give up.